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Archive for the ‘Fort Wayne’ Category

Number of refugees from Burma in Ft. Wayne may have been exaggerated

Posted by Christopher Coen on August 5, 2011

The number of refugees living in the Fort Wayne, Indiana area appears closer to 3,800 than the 5,000 to 6,000 people that Catholic Charities estimated in the recent past. An article in The Journal Gazette breaks the numbers down.

Allen County’s Burmese population includes about 3,800 people, according to the 2010 U.S. Census.

That’s a simple sentence with the potential to cap several years of uncertainty for local refugee advocates and social service agencies, who have estimated the total to be thousands higher. Reaction to the figure was mixed amid those who work with the area’s Burmese refugee community.

Catholic Charities of the Fort Wayne–South Bend Diocese can say in no uncertain terms that it resettled the vast majority of Burmese refugees brought to northeast Indiana since 1991. That influx, overseen by the U.S. Department of State, brought 2,602 Burmese refugees to Allen County over those two decades, said Nyein Chan, Catholic Charities refugee coordinator.

More than 70 percent of those refugees were sent to Fort Wayne in the latter half of the last decade, beginning in 2006. And that’s where the uncertainty about the size of the local population began.

With that influx came another wave of immigration not directed by a government agency.

Drawn by the booming community, the opportunity to reunite with friends and relatives and a relatively healthy local economy, Fort Wayne saw a large number of “secondary migrants” – refugees who came to Fort Wayne after being placed elsewhere in the U.S. by the State Department, Chan said.

Chan was part of Fort Wayne’s Complete Count Committee, a volunteer team appointed by elected officials to ensure undercounted populations were reached for the census.

The committee put forth a mighty effort, he said. That, combined with his agency’s careful study of the issue, have him convinced the census numbers are accurate.

It pretty much makes sense to me,” he said. “We worked so hard to count the people in Allen County.”

Catholic Charities offers some services to refugees who come to Fort Wayne from other cities, such as job development services, Chan said. The people who use those services are tracked by the agency, and through that method, Catholic Charities estimates the secondary migrant community at 2,000, he said.

The recession caused the secondary migration to slow down and some refugee families to leave. So while Catholic Charities in the recent past has estimated the Burmese community in Fort Wayne between 5,000 to 6,000 people, Chan said he believes the census total is a more accurate current countRead more here

Posted in Burma/Myanmar, Catholic Charities of Fort Wayne, Fort Wayne, secondary migration, refugee, State Department, US census | Tagged: , , , , , , , , , , , , , , | 1 Comment »

Useless basic essentials for refugees?

Posted by Christopher Coen on January 28, 2011

According to an article in the Ft. Wayne Journal Gazette refugees sometimes have little use for the basic and essential items given to them by refugee resettlement agencies, and required by State Department refugee contracts. Strangely, useless items are said to include such things as cooking utensils and beds.

…Fort Wayne very likely has one of the largest populations of Burmese living outside Myanmar. There is no precise count, but the estimate is more than 6,000. An average of 125 Burmese were sent by the federal government to settle in Fort Wayne each year between 1993 and 2006. In 2007 that number increased to 700 and to 800 in 2008. But those numbers don’t include what is referred to as secondary migration, the many people who were initially settled elsewhere but who moved to Fort Wayne to be closer to family, friends and the city’s growing Burmese community.

When refugees are sent to Fort Wayne, they are given a small sum of money to buy essentials. The refugees are told they need to use the money to buy cooking utensils and beds, for example. But sometimes the items they are supposed to buy are of little use to Burmese… Read more here

I guess I’m not understanding how simple cooking utensils and beds could be of little use to any refugee no matter what their ethnicity is. In fact, looking through the State Department’s Operational Guidance contract document listing of basic necessities that resettlement agencies must give to refugees I can’t find any useless items, e.g. towels, can openers, an alarm clock, etc.

We’ve actually been lobbying the State Department for years, to no avail, to add a few basic essentials to the list, e.g. dictionaries, umbrellas, curtains, hangers, phones and phone service, stamps & envelopes, etc.

Posted in Burma/Myanmar, Fort Wayne, Operational Guidance, State Department | Tagged: , , , , , , , , | Leave a Comment »

Cultural acclimation via rat bites

Posted by Christopher Coen on December 21, 2010

In the black and white thinking of refugee officials even a rat biting a baby can’t be as bad as the circumstances from which refugees have escaped. Would you rather have the refugee family die back in a refugee camp? An article in the Fort Wayne Journal-Gazette tells how a rat bit a Burmese refugee baby in an apartment. If only the refugees had complained about the rats, but its an acclimation problem you see. But isn’t that why we have refugee resettlement agencies to help refugees with these tasks?

…A report that a toddler had been bitten by a mouse or rat would cause most Americans fear and outrage.

When Dr. Charles Coats – who treated 19-month-old Sage Dar for the bite – learned what had caused it, he was incensed.

You just don’t hear about rats or mice in the United States attacking babies,” Coats said. “You should never have to worry about your baby being bitten in your own home.”…

…Be Ki, Sage Dar’s mother, lives in Autumn Woods Apartments on the city’s far southeast side with her three children, while her husband works in Illinois. She speaks no English.

…She said that as the complex’s clientele became largely Burmese three years ago, it has been an educational experience for everyone. Recent immigrants have had to learn how to make their way in a bewildering new society, and management has had to learn about which issues it needs to watch because of tenants’ lack of familiarity. For example, plumbing that you cannot pour cooking grease into…

…“You don’t want to take their culture away from (immigrants), but we do try to help acclimate them,” she said. “There’s a lot behind the scenes we try to do. We’re like social workers and landlords here.”…

…Washington said it’s important to remember that issues that arise are not a “Burmese problem,” but simply an acclimation problem. Anyone would have difficulty fitting in to a new culture, and everyone involved needs to learn as they go. Read more here

Posted in Burma/Myanmar, children, cultural adjustment, Fort Wayne, housing, housing, substandard, rats and roaches, safety | Tagged: , , , , , , | Leave a Comment »

World Relief Won’t Be Helping Fort Wayne’s Large Influx of Burmese “Secondary Migrant” Refugees

Posted by Christopher Coen on October 22, 2010

World Relief announced that they are pulling out of Fort Wayne two years after opening an office in the city. World Relief claimed they opened the office to relieve strain from the other refugee resettlement agency in the city, Catholic Charities of Fort Wayne-South Bend, but it became clear that World Relief arrived in town to resettle more refugees and not to help care for those who were already there. When the State Department tried to restrict resettlement to the city in response to a large influx of Burmese refugee secondary migrants that the city and county have had trouble absorbing, World Relief attempted to convince the State Department to reverse course, and thereby make the crises even worse. When they were unsuccessful at that they decided to abandon ship altogether. An article in the Fort Wayne Journal Gazette gives more details:

FORT WAYNE – One of Fort Wayne’s two refugee placement offices will close, a consequence of the federal government’s limitations on the number of refugees sent to the city.

World Relief, a faith-based international humanitarian aid organization, opened an office at Simpson United Methodist Church on South Harrison Street less than two years ago in anticipation of an increased flow of refugees.

The U.S. State Department resettled about 800 Burmese refugees in the Fort Wayne area the year before the office opened. Refugees have been fleeing persecution in Myanmar, as Burma is called by the ruling military government, for years.

The high number being sent here had social services agencies seeking help, and World Relief said it hoped to ease some of the strain on Catholic Charities of Fort Wayne-South Bend, the sole agency tasked with placing refugees in the area.

But the State Department has since severely restricted the number of refugees who can be sent to the Fort Wayne area, and World Relief’s local office has welcomed only about half the number of refugees for which it was approved.

Calls to World Relief’s headquarters in Baltimore and Midwest office in Illinois were not returned Thursday. Dan Kosten, World Relief vice president of U.S. Programs, said in a statement the organization has tried to have the restrictions loosened.

Without more refugees, keeping the office open isn’t viable, he said.

Officials at the non-profit’s headquarters told Jeff Keplar, executive director of the Fort Wayne office, on Oct. 15 that his office would close...

…After World Relief Fort Wayne opened, the State Department limited refugee placement in the city to those who have parents, grandparents, children, grandchildren or siblings already living in the city.

Fort Wayne and Detroit were the only two cities to have such restrictions. In June, at the request of placement agencies, the State Department modified Detroit’s restriction to allow the placement of any refugees in the Detroit metro region who have ties there.

This change should have the positive effect of strengthening family reunification and lessening secondary migration from other placement sites to the Detroit area,” a statement from the Department of State’s Bureau of Population, Refugees and Migration said.

Secondary migration occurs when refugees are resettled in one city and leave for another. That has contributed to a Burmese refugee population in Fort Wayne that has been estimated to be the country’s largest.

Keplar thinks the restriction did not lessen the influx of refugees; instead, it might have contributed to secondary migration of refugees who arrived in the city without the support system of a resettlement agency… Read more here

So what we have here is private refugee groups whose goal is not to help the local community and the refugees already resettled, or refugees who have migrated to town from other areas, but to bring in more refugees. Fort Wayne has been in dire need of private groups with private funding to help with refugee secondary migrants, but World Relief has made it clear that they only do business when they can tap government funding, i.e. bring in more refugees for resettlement and collect government resettlement funds. This is what the private resettlement agencies sell as the “private sector contribution” — in which resettlement “charities” no longer just contribute private resources, but only get and stay involved if they can feed off of public funding. It’s almost hard to imagine a worse arrangement for the U.S. refugee resettlement program.

It’s also hard to imagine what would have happened if World Relief had suceeded in pressuring the State Department to discontinue the reduction in flow of refugees to this already overburdened community. Its clear, however, that World Relief has no interest in responsible refugee resettlement. I believe that their involvement in the refugee resettlement is detrimental to the program.

By the way, here is a report on some of World Relief’s funny numbers from a 2005 audit by the State Department’s Office of Inspector General. (Part 1 and Part 2)

Posted in Burma/Myanmar, capacity, evangelical, faith-based, Fort Wayne, moratorium / restriction, public/private partnership, refugee magnet city, secondary migration, refugee, State Department, World Relief | Tagged: , , , , , , , , , , , , | Leave a Comment »

Fort Wayne Minister Criticizes Refugee Resettlement Efforts in City

Posted by Christopher Coen on September 23, 2010

A Fort Wayne Baptist minister is criticizing refugee resettlement efforts in that city, according to a piece at Indiana’s NewsCenter. He says that refugees have been left on their own without sufficient cultural education by the Catholic Charities refugee resettlement agency.

An African American minister says Fort Wayne needs to do a better job teaching the growing Burmese population how to live in our culture.

Reverend Michael Latham is singling out a local charity that helps Burmese refugees settle here.

Part of Reverend Latham’s message—don’t blame the Burmese people, blame the fact they aren’t getting proper training on the way we live in this country.

Latham says he learned of problems with Burmese residents at the Autumn Woods Apartment complex off South Anthony Boulevard…

..Latham, former president of Fort Wayne’s NAACP chapter, says he visited the complex to see conditions firsthand.

He says when he witnessed a Burmese woman eating food off the ground near a trash bin, he decided to organize a public meeting seeking solutions.

He thinks Catholic Charities should be doing more cultural training with the refugees on the American lifestyle.

Kathleen Smith/Autumn Woods Tenant: ” We go on walks and we see kids going to the bathroom outside, because they don’t know better.”

Reverend Michael Latham/Renaissance Baptist Church: ” I would like for Catholic Charities to know, to bring the number of people that they brought into our community and have dropped them off, to me, is a sad indictment on even the Catholic Church.” here

But Debra Schmidt at Catholic Charities says that her agency didn’t bring most of the Burmese refugees to Fort Wayne; that the refugees are secondary migrants from other states. Anyway, it’s hard to find the refugees and help them, and plus, she doesn’t know which states the Burmese refugees came from. And besides, she doesn’t know what they need.

Debra Schmidt/Catholic Charities: ” The majority of the families that are living in those complexes are what we call secondary migrations, and those are people who are refugees who have been re-settled into other states and cities in this country, and have moved to Fort Wayne, so the difficulty in working with the population now is, where do they come from and what are their needs?”

Schmidt says for every Burmese refugee intentionally settled in Fort Wayne, there are close to three more who chose to live in Fort Wayne as secondary migrants.

Schmidt says it’s extremely difficult to track or assimilate that population.

These weak excuses are tiresome. What do they mean that most of the refugees are from other states but they don’t know where the refugees came from? Does it matter which states? Why? Why is it so hard for Catholic Charities to find these refugees when residents don’t seem to have any problem noticing the refugees and their obvious adjustment problems? It’s not as though these refugees spread themselves out across the nation. They are clumped-together in a city long known as a Burmese refugee magnet city.

Voice of America has an article about what other agencies are doing to aid these secondary refugees. Maybe Catholic Charities could learn something from them.

Posted in Burma/Myanmar, Catholic, Catholic Charities of Fort Wayne, cultural adjustment, faith-based, Fort Wayne, refugee magnet city, secondary migration, refugee | 2 Comments »

Senator Richard Lugar of Indiana issues report on refugee resettlement program

Posted by Christopher Coen on July 24, 2010

Indiana US Senator Richard Lugar, Ranking Member on the U.S. Senate Foreign Relations Committee, has released a report on the nation’s refugee resettlement program. While repeating the mantra that the solution to all problems is for the federal government to spend more for the program (therefore, tax and spend), the report also takes critical swipes at the private resettlement agencies.
 
According to the report refugee resettlement agencies have failed local communities in key areas:
  • Local governments rarely have an official role in influencing how many refugees are resettled by local voluntary agencies and often are not even informed in advance that new residents will be arriving. The process should require local resettlement agencies to formally consult with state and local officials/service providers regarding the proposed number and backgrounds of refugees to be resettled in the area. The refugee coordinators in each state and PRM representatives should verify that the consultations took place and that the views of the officials/service providers are accurately characterized.

I wonder if Senator Lugar and his staff are aware that state refugee coordinators are already required, via ORR regulations, to convene quarterly meetings each year whereby representatives of local resettlement agencies, local community service agencies, and other agencies that serve refugees meet with representatives of State and local governments to plan and coordinate the proper placement of refugees in advance of the refugees’ arrival.

In addition, according to the State Department’s Cooperative Agreement contract with refugee resettlement agencies ”the number of refugees assigned to an approved applicant will be determined by the [State Department], in accordance with the needs of the Admissions Program, taking into account… placement recommendations of state and local officials…” (see  V. Refugee Caseload Assisgnment).

So, Senator Lugar is suggesting creating more requirements when the federal government is not enforcing almost identical existing requirements. Existing regulations and contract requirements are ignored, so just add more?

  • The administration should improve accountability by examining: A. Institutional processes and practices of voluntary agencies, including but not limited to factors that influence the scope of an agency’s annual refugee resettlement proposal submitted to PRM, organizational structure, and administrative overhead to ensure an adherence to best practices and a resettlement program that is sensitive to local community capacity. B. Oversight and accountability metrics used by PRM for monitoring voluntary agencies as well as mechanisms for assessing internal strengths and inefficiencies within PRM’s administrative processes, the nature of PRM’s consultations with local and state elected officials, and the factors influencing the annual cap of refugees admitted to the United States. C. Mechanisms used for assessing internal strengths and inefficiencies in the Office of Refugee Resettlement (ORR) within the Department of Health and Human Services, the nature of ORR’s consultations with local and state elected officials, and the extent of ORR’s capacity to oversee voluntary agency grantees, address the unique needs of refugees, fact-find into community capacity shortfalls as well as monitor the impact of secondary migration—potentially through some type of targeted census. D. Metrics for evaluating refugee integration, including but not limited to qualitative and quantitative measurements of employment levels, language acquisition, community interaction, etc.

In terms of quantitative measurements of employment levels the federal government already records employment numbers at 90 and 180 days. Is Senator Lugar recommending that these be measured again at say, the one-year mark, two-year mark, or what? Or is Senator Lugar simply unaware that employment rates are already measured?

 

How would anyone measure “community interaction”? Plus, most American citizens wouldn’t even pass that measurement if you look at things like voting participation, participation in community groups, etc. 

  • The administration should require voluntary agencies to [promote community engagement by] submitting as part of their annual proposals a ‘‘community engagement strategy,’’ which delineates concrete plans for increasing public awareness of and interaction with refugees, in order to achieve greater community cohesion. …Providing opportunities for established residents and families to engage members of the refugee population will help to demystify preconceptions and make integration more achievable. Encouraging face-to-face interactions between individuals or small groups can also make inter-ethnic encounters less intimidating for all participants.

No argument there. The problem is that many of the resettlement agencies are incompetent at these type of tasks. I recently attended a court commission that was looking at how the courts deal with racial and ethnic minorities. Hardly any refugees or other minorities showed up to testify. A refugee resettlement agency director on the commission panel, a former refugee himself, said his outreach to the refugees did not even include outreach to the main places where they gather — churches and mosques.

And then there’s this tidbit about how refugee resettlement agencies in Clarkston, Georgia (an Atlanta suburb) reacted when called on to account to the public.

  • Georgia Representative Karla Drenner, whose district includes Clarkston, convened a townhall meeting [this past year] where she publicly encouraged the voluntary agencies located within the city to improve communication with elected officials and to provide more warning regarding when refugees were due to arrive. The current mayor of Clarkston, Howard Tygrett, reported that all of the resettlement agencies subsequently relocated outside of the city limits in order to circumvent this appeal.

By the way, in the report Deborah McMahan, Health Commissioner of Fort Wayne-Allen County Department of Health, noted that prearrival health screenings for refugees no longer include HIV/AIDS testing. Prior knowledge of HIV status, she explained, would allow for better planning for the complicated care that refugees with such conditions require.

Posted in Atlanta, Burma/Myanmar, Fort Wayne, funding, Georgia, Indiana, late health screenings, local officials, failure to notify, ORR, PRM, reform, State Department | Tagged: , , , , , , , , , | Leave a Comment »

Fort Wayne hires consultant for $80,000 to help identify community needs for Burmese refugees

Posted by Christopher Coen on July 8, 2010

The City of Fort Wayne has hired a consultant for $80,000 to help “identify community needs for Burmese residents”, here. The consultant will help develop a strategy to offer health care support for refugees and find funding to support the city’s Community Resource Center for Refugees and other resettlement efforts.

Fort Wayne hired a consultant for $80,000 to help identify community needs for Burmese residents.

The city entered a one-year contract with Baker & Daniels consulting in April. The contract was released this week as part of the city’s quarterly consultant report.

The contract states the firm will help develop a strategy to provide health care support for refugees in conjunction with the state administration and legislators and the federal Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The firm will also work to get money to support the city’s Community Resource Center for Refugees and other resettlement efforts.

Heather Presley, deputy director of Community Development, said the firm has been instrumental in connecting the city with state and federal agencies that create rules regarding refugees. Because Fort Wayne has the largest Burmese refugee population in the country, she said it is important for the city to have programs that work.

For example, federal rules require new refugees to get permanent housing immediately, but they often have less than $50.

Presley said Baker & Daniels has helped the city reach appropriate departments to share these concerns and discuss solutions.

They are getting us in touch with people we may never have been able to talk to otherwise,” she said.

In addition, Presley said the group has helped the city contact a non-profit organization that could help finance refugee housing.

The firm also will work to maintain the current limits on refugee resettlement in Fort Wayne, according to the contract.

It seems that Fort Wayne is paying this firm a lot of money to do some things they could easily do themselves, e.g. why would a consultant firm be needed to “work to keep the current limits on refugee resettlement in Fort Wayne”? Fort Wayne merely needs to stay in touch with the State Department about how many refugees the area can accommodate. Fort Wayne could also make a call to Catholic Charities of Fort Wayne and tell them not to accept more refugees than the area can reasonably accommodate.

The paragraph about federal rules requiring new refugees to get permanent housing immediately, but that refugees often have less than $50, doesn’t make much sense. Refugees may have only $50 in their pocket (pocket-money that the resettlement agencies must give to each arriving refugee case) but the State Department gives each refugee family $900 per family member to pay for things like fidning permanent housing, i.e. renting an inexpensive apartment. Then the ORR gives the families cash assistance and other benefits for at least eight months, again, to cover basic bills such as rent.

It’s clear the city has no clue how to aid refugees, and there’s no reason they should. This is why we have local refugee contractors such as Catholic Charities of Fort Wayne that are supposedly refugee experts. They should understand all the federal rules and regulations of the federal refugee program. It’s not clear to me why Fort Wayne isn’t consulting with them what steps to take. For example, funding for refugee resource centers and ethnic community self-help groups is available through the ORR. It seems like some of this could be done without paying an outside consultant to research it.

Posted in Burma/Myanmar, Catholic, Catholic Charities of Fort Wayne, faith-based, Fort Wayne, funding, health, housing, Indiana, ORR, refugee magnet city, State Department | Tagged: , , , , , , , , , , | Leave a Comment »

Public health agency in Fort Wayne still unable to keep up with incoming Burmese refugees

Posted by Christopher Coen on July 8, 2010

The county health department in Fort Wayne, Indiana is still having problems providing health care for incoming Burmese refugees, here

It’s believed about 40 percent of the refugees come here infected with the tuberculosis bacteria.

They have to be screened and treated to make sure full-blown tuberculosis cases don’t develop.

The medical care burden falls primarily on the Allen County Health Department.

Many local foundations and public assistance agencies are also involved.

Deborah McMahan, M.D./FW-AC Health Commissioner: ” All working on how can we absorb this, working with the Family and Social Services Administration, to see if we cannot get funding directly for the refugees, but I think what we’re going to have to do is start billing Medicaid and billing for our services, so that we can recover the funding.”

Dr. McMahan says there is reason to believe the Burmese refugees will continue to flood in here at a higher than normal rate for another year or more.

The federal government plays a role in directing refugees to certain places, but it doesn’t automatically re-imburse local communities for the costs they incur by serving their new residents.

This problem has gone on for almost two years now and the county government seems incapable of resolving problems. In August 2008 a newspaper article reported that the problems were due to changes in the system after the state outsourced its processing of welfare benefits in a 10-year contract with two private vendors, IBM Corp. and Affiliated Computer Services, here. Yet, two years later the problems continue.

The freeze on resettling refugee “free cases” (refugees with no local ties to family or friends) to Fort Wayne, that the State Department imposed at the same time as restrictions on resettlement to the Detroit area, remains in effect, however, the State Department and Catholic Charities of Fort Wayne continue to resettle refugees with family members in Fort Wayne. (Detroit area restrictions were recently lifted.) In addition, other refugees arrive via secondary migration under their own volition after first being resettled to other states. Fort Wayne therefore remains a magnet for Burmese refugees.

Posted in Burma/Myanmar, Catholic Charities of Fort Wayne, Fort Wayne, health, Indiana, late health screenings, refugee magnet city, State Department | Tagged: , , , , , , , , , | Leave a Comment »

USCCB’s Catholic Charities of Fort Wayne in only partial compliance with refugee contract

Posted by Christopher Coen on July 6, 2010

The latest State Department inspection of Catholic Charities of Fort Wayne shows that the agency was in only partial compliance with the minimum requirements of their refugee contract, here. According to the document CC of Fort Wayne failed to give refugee clients basic furnishings, failed to make basic referrals, failed to provide interpretation services, and did not keep up basic records. Only 50% of refugees were employed after six months (guidelines require at least 75% employment at six months).

The State Department inspectors visited just four refugee families, but just this small sample showed how neglected the refugees were. The families all arrived between April and June 2008.

The first family was a Burmese girl and boy who arrived with their grandparents. The family was found living with an aunt in overcrowded housing (CC of Ft. Wayne claimed they offered the family more spacious housing). The aunt asked for help applying for guardianship of the two children, as CC of Ft. Wayne apparently was not assisting with this matter. She also requested help with applying for social security benefits for the grandparents.

Three of the four families also reported that they did not have their Medicaid cards; three families did not have working smoke detectors; all families were missing bed-frames; two families did not have lamps in their living rooms; two families were missing alarm clocks; three families had not signed their social security cards; one family had received a table, two chairs, and a sofa just two days before the inspectors arrived; and one family reported that language translation was not regularly provided during home visits from the CC of Ft. Wayne case worker.

If you’d like to see how little the State Department expects the resettlement agencies to do for their refugee clients, just look at the Operational Guidance to Resettlement Agencies contract document. Many refugee resettlement agencies view government contract requirements as mere suggestions.

It’s interesting to note that USCCB, CC of Fort Wayne’s national volag affiliate, had inspected the agency before the State Department inspection, yet CC of Fort Wayne was not following their recommendations. Folks, this is what results from self-monitoring. It’s like asking BP to inspect themselves for non-compliance with regulations. It doesn’t work.

Posted in beds, Burma/Myanmar, Catholic Charities of Fort Wayne, faith-based, Fort Wayne, furnishings, lack of, household items, missing or broken, housing, overcrowding, Indiana, language interpretation/translation, lack of, neglect, Operational Guidance, R&P, State Department, USCCB | Tagged: , , , , , , , , , , | Leave a Comment »

 
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